VACCINATION
Proved Useless & Dangerous
FROM FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
ALFRED R. WALLACE, LL.D.
I
TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT
AND OTHERS.
Forty-five years of
Registration Statistics,
proving Vaccination
to be both useless and
dangerous.
In Two Parts.
BY
ALFRED R. WALLACE, LL.D.
SECOND EDITION.
WITH CORRECTIONS, NOTES, AND AN APPENDIX.
By ALEXANDER WHEELER.
Condon i
E. W. ALLEN, 4 Ave Maria Lane.
1889.
Forty-five years of
Registration Statistics.
PART I.
Small-pox Mortality and Vaccination.
T T AVING been led to enquire for myself
^ ^ as to the effects of Vaccination in
preventing or diminishing Small-pox, I have
arrived at results as unexpected as they appear
to me to be conclusive. The question is one
which affects our personal liberty as well as
the health and even the lives of thousands ;
it therefore becomes a duty to endeavour to
make the truth known to all, and especially to
those who, on the faith of false or misleading
statements, have enforced the practice of
vaccination by penal laws.
I propose now to establish the following
four statements of fact, by means of the only
4
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
official statistics which are available ; and I shall
adopt a mode of presenting those statistics as
a whole, which will render them intelligible to
all. These statements are :
(i.) — That during the forty-five years of the
Registration of deaths and their causes,
Small-pox mortality has very slightly diminished,
while an exceedingly severe Small-pox epi-
demic occurred within the last twelve years
of the period.
(2.) — 'That there is no evidence to show that
the slight decrease of Small-pox mortality is
due to vaccination.
(3.) — That the severity of Small-pox as a
disease has not been mitigated by vaccination.
(4.) — That several inoculable diseases have
increased to an alarming extent coincidently
with enforced vaccination.
The first, second, and fourth propositions will
be proved from the Registrar-General's Reports
from 1838 to 1882 ; and I shall make the
results clear and indisputable, by presenting
the figures for the whole period in the form
of diagrammatic curves, so that no manipulation
of them, by taking certain years for comparison,
or by dividing the period in special ways, will
be possible.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015
https://archive.org/details/b2136140x
DIAGRAM 1.
Deaths in London perMillion Living from Small Pox and from the Chief otherZymotic Diseases except Cholera.
Lont-rluie Sma// Pox. SotUd LineTypTui-s <S-t>. ' Upper Line ZyjnctzcDUcases.
DIAGR;?fl 11.
Deaths m England and Wales per Million Living from Small Pox and from the Chief other Zymotic Diseases except Chole
xfcDmdu LowrLiM S^rwU Pm IIMal. J.ine, OPtlcicd TaccwMioru Upprr Luj^. Zymallc. Viscoses.
Mil
WOO
7
'WOO
350C
3SOO
300P
7
- —
\
\
\
-4
30np
/
\
/
\
\
\
1
1
1
\
\
/
/
/
\
1
JSl'C
.•/rn
/'iPO
mac
wno
SCO
\
jOO
Xl
L
ur-a
i \
a
IN
mp
or^
1
>.
\
y/.o
71
P
tl
to
In
c
5c
•>
NOTE, riu OPfi/:M Vaccination, line is per 100000 of tfie, livinyj Pci>,ir.a.iun
REGISTRATION STATISTICS,
5-
The diagrams show, in each case, not the
absolute mortaHty but the deaths per miUion
Hving, a method which eHminates the increase
of population and gives true comparative results
Vaccination has not diminished Small- pox.
Diagram I. exhibits^ the deaths from Small-
pox, in London, for every year from 1838 to
1882, while an upper line exhibits the deaths
from the other principal zymotic diseases given
in the Registrar- General's Annual Summary for
1882, (except Cholera, which is only an occasional
epidemic,) namely, — Scarlet fever and Diphtheria,
Measles, Whooping Cough, Typhoid and other
fevers, and Diarrhoea. A dotted line between
these shows the mortality from fevers of the
Typhoid class, t
The first thing clearly apparent in this diagram,
is the very small diminution of Small-pox
* The Diagrams in the First Edition stopped at 1882. In this Edition
the later years are added without variation of the text, which these later
years do but accentuate. Complaint has been made of this presentment.
It is the most accurate that can be made. The favorite method of averaging
in such a manner as to take all the sharp lines from the curves, totally
obscm-es the epidemic nature of the disease of Small-pox, its great
characteristic featiu'e. No tiater presentment than that chosen can be
adopted. The line of official vaccinations includes, for 1884-5-6, official
re-vaccinations, which have not been given since 1872, or the fall would
be much more pronounced for these years. — Ed.
f From the Registrar-General's Annual Summary of Deaths, etc., iii
London, 1882. Table 23, p. xxv.
6
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
corresponding widi die epochs of penal and
compulsory vaccination ; while the epidemic of
1 87 1 was tlie most destructive in the whole
period. The average diminution of Small-pox
mortality from the first to the second half of the
period, is 57 deaths per million per annum.
Looking now at the upper curve, we see that
the mortality from the chief zymotic diseases
has also decreased,* more especially during
the last 35 years ; but the decrease of these
diseases is not, proportionally, so great, owing
to the fact that deaths from Diarrhoea have
considerably increased in the latter half of
the period. On the other hand. Typhus and
Typhoid fevers have diminished to a much
greater extent than Small-pox, as shown by
the dotted line on the diagram, the reduced
mortality from this cause alone being 382 per
million, or more than six times as much as
that from Small-pox. Every one will admit
that this remarkable decrease of Typhus,i' &c.,
* From 1838 to 1853, the average Small-pox death-rate exceeded that of
the years 1854 to 1867 by 229 per million living. But the average of the
years 1868 to 1886, exceeded that of the years 1854 to 1867 by 46 per
million.
t The deaths from Typhus, Enteric, and Fever, 1871-80, were less by
540 per million than in the ten preceding years. The years i88i to 1S86
show a furtlier reduction, as compared with 1871 to 1880, of 125 per million
living. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
7
is due to more efficient sanitation, greater
personal attention to the laws of health, and
probably also to more rational methods of
treatment. But all these causes of amelioration
have certainly had their effect on Small-pox;
and as the mortality from that disease has
not equally diminished, there is probably some
counteracting cause at work. So far, therefore,
from there being any proof that vaccination
has diminished Small-pox in London, the
tendency of the Registrar-General's facts, (and
there are no other facts which are trustworthy,)
is to show that some counteracting cause has
prevented general sanitation from acting on
this disease as it has acted on Typhus, and
that cause may, possibly, be vaccination itself.
We will now turn to Diagram II., which
gives a representation of similar statistics for
England and Wales,* except that unfortunately
there is a blank in the record for 1843-46, in
which years the Registrar- General informs us,
"the causes of death were not distinguished."
Here too we perceive a similar decrease in
Small-pox mortality, broken by the tremendous
epidemic of 187 1-2, while the other chief
zymotic diseases represented by the higher
* From the Registrar-General's Annual Report, 1882. Table 32, p. xliii.
8
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
line, show more irregularity, but a considerable
recent decrease. For all England, as for
London, the tables show us that Typhoid
fevers have decreased far more than Small-
pox, (but for clearness the curve of Typhus
is omitted,) and we have, therefore, again,
no reason for imputing the decrease in Small-
pox to vaccination. But we may go further
than this negative statement, for we have>
fortunately, a means of directly testing the
alleged efficacy of vaccination. The eleventh
Annual Report of the Local Government Board
gives a table of the number of successful
vaccinations, at the expense of the Poor Rate,
in England and Wales, from 1852 to 1881.
From the figures of this table I have calculated
the numbers in proportion to the population of
each year, and have exhibited the result in the
dotted line on my Diagram II.; and to this I
beg to direct the reader's attention, since it
at once dispels some oft-repeated erroneous
statements."^
In the first place we see that, instead
* I have examined every Report of the Local Government Board, with
the intention of giving the total vaccinations for the whole period embraced
in this Diagram II. But the total vaccinations are not tabulated, and are
only given in the text for the years since 1872. Hence the official
vaccinations only appear here, with such vaccinations as are tabulated. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
.9
of vaccination havino- increased since the
enforcement of penal laws, it has actually
diminished ; so that the statement so often
made by official apologists for vaccination, and
repeated by Sir Lyon Playfair in his speech
to the House of Commons, June, 1883, — that the
progressive efficiency of legal vaccination has
diminished Small- pox, is absolutely tmtriie,
sijzce there has been a decrease rather than
an increase of " efficient vaccination!' * A
* It is curious that even the Registrar-General appears to be
ignorant of the fact that, official vaccination has not increased in
efficiency since the penal laws came into force. In his Report for
1880, p. xxii., he says — " These figiu-es show conclusively that,
coincidenily with the gradual extension of the practice oj vaccination,
there has been a gradual and notable decline in the mortality from
Small-pox at all ages." As, however, there has not been shown to
have been any such "gi-adual extension of the practice of vaccination,"
but, so far as official records go, just the reverse, the whole argument
falls to the ground ! It is trae that this curve does not exhibit the numbers
of the vaccinated population, which there is no means of arriving at.
Mr. Marson, the Siu-geon of the Small-pox Hospital, told the Select
Committee, 1871, answer 4,190: — "The public are pretty largely
vaccinated now, and will be more so every year, I should think as time
goes on. There is one point which has not been very cleaily brought
forward this morning, and that is the increase of Small-pox after vaccination
year after year. When I first went to the hospital, 35 years since, from
1835 the admission of patients into the Small-pox hospital was
44 per cent, of Small-pox after vaccination; from 1845 to 1855, 64 per
cent. ; from 1855 to 1865, 78 per cent. ; and during 1863 and 1864, S3
and 84 per cent. Those are patients who have been vaccinated." The
line of official vaccination in the diagi-am, shows that Mr. Marson was
mistaken as to the amount of public vaccination, and that it was a larger
incidence of Small-pox among the vaccinated he was witnessing ; not the
result of extension of vaccination. — Ep,
lO
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
temporary increase in the number of vacci-
nations always takes place during an epidemic
of Small-pox, or when an epidemic is feared ;
but an examination of the curve of vaccination
does not support the statement that it checks
the epidemic. On careful inspection it will
be seen that on three separate occasions
a considerable increase in vaccinations was
followed by an increase of Small-pox. Let
the reader look at the Diagram, and note
that in 1863 there was a very great number
of vaccinations, followed in 1864 by an increase
in Small-pox mortality. Again, the number of
vaccinations steadily rose from 1866 to 1869,
yet in 1870-71 Small-pox mortahty increased ; and
yet again, in 1876 an increase in vaccinations
was followed by an increase of Small-pox deaths.
In fact, if the dotted line showed inoculation
instead of vaccination, it might be used to
prove that inoculation caused an increase of
Small-pox. I only maintain, however, that it
does not prove that vaccination diminishes the
mortality from the disease. During the panic
caused by the great epidemic of 187 1-2, vacci-
nations rose enormously, and declined as rapidly
the moment the epidemic passed away, but there
is nothing whatever to show that the increased
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
vaccinations had any effect on the disease, which
ran its course and then died out Hke other
epidemics.
It has now been proved from the only complete
series of official records that exist : —
(i.) — That Small-pox has not decreased so
much or so steadily as Typhus and allied fevers.
(2.) — That the diminution of Small-pox
mortality coincides with a diminished, instead
of an increased efficiency of official vaccination.
(3.) — That one of the most severe epidemics
of Small-pox on record, within the period of
accurate statistics, occurred after 33 years of
official, compulsory, and penal vaccination.
These three groups of facts give no support
to the assertion that vaccination has diminished
Small-pox mortality ; and it must always be
remembered that we have actually no other
extensive body of statistics on which to found our
judgment. The utility or otherwise of vaccination
is purely a question of statistics. It remains for
us to decide, whether we will be guided by the
only trustworthy statistics we possess, or continue
blindly to accept the dogmas of an interested
and certainly not infallible body of professional
men, who once upheld inoculation as strongly
as they now uphold vaccination.
12
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Small-pox has not been mitigated
BY Vaccination.
It is often asserted that, although vaccination
is not a complete protection against Small-pox,
yet it diminishes the severity of the disease,
and renders it less dangerous to those who
take it. This assertion is sufficiently answered
by the proof above given, that it has not
diminished Small-pox mortality ; but more
direct evidence can be adduced.
The best available records show that, the
proportion of deaths to Small-pox cases is the
same noiv, although a large majority of the
population are vaccinated, as it was a century ago
before vaccination was discovered. Dr. Jurin,
in 1723; the London Small-pox Hospital
Reports, 1746-63 ; Dr. Lambert, 1763 ; and
Rees' Cyclopaedia, 1779; give numbers varying
from 16-5 to 25-3 as the per-centage of mortality
among Small-pox patients in hospitals ; — the
average of the whole being i8-8 per cent.
Now for the epoch of vaccination. Mr. Marson,
1836-51, and the Reports of the London, Homer-
ton, Deptford, Fulham, and Dublin Small-pox
Hospitals, between 1870 and 1880, give numbers
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
13
varying from 14-26 to 217 as the deaths per cent,
of Small-pox patients, the average being 18-5.
And this, be it remembered, under the improved
treatment and hygiene of the nineteenth as com-
pared with the eighteenth century.
These figures not only demonstrate the false-
hood of the oft-repeated assertion that vaccination
mitigates Small- pox, but they go far to prove the
very opposite — that the disease has been rendered
more intractable by it ; or how can we account for
the mortality among Small-pox patients being
almost exacdy the same now as a century ago,
notwithstanding the great advance of medical
science and the improvements in hospitals and
hospital treatment?*
* The following authorities have been examined for the facts and figiu'cs
of this section.
Dr. Jurin (18,066 cases) and Dr. Lambert (72 cases) given in
"Analyse et Tableau de 1' influence de la Petite Verole ; par E. E.
DuviLLARD. Paris, 1806." (pp. 112, 113.)
London Small-pox Hospitals (6,454 cases) given in "An account of
the Rise, Progi-ess, and State of the Hospitals for relieving poor people
afflicted with the Small Pox, and for Inoculation," appended to "A Sermon
preached before the President and Officers of the Hospital .... by
the Bishop of Lincoln. London, 1763."
Rees' Cyclopcedia, 1779, Vol. 2, Art. Inoculation Col. INP. par. 5,
(extract). "From a general calculation it appears that, in the Plospitals
for Small-pox and Inoculation, 75 die out of 400 patients having the
distemper in die natural way."
Total cases before Vaccination, 24,994.
Mr. Marson, Resident Surgeon to the Small-pox and Vaccination
Hospital, London, (5,652 cases) ; given in the Blue Book on The Histoiy
and Practice of Vaccination, 1857, p. 18.
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Small-pox in the Army and Navy.
Here we have a crucial test of the efficacy
or uselessness of vaccination. Our Soldiers
and Sailors are vaccinated and re-vaccinated
in accordance with the most strinrent official
regulations. They are exceptionally strong
and healthy men, in the prime of life, and
if vaccination is of any use. Small-pox should
be almost unknown among them, and no
London Hospitals, 1870-72, (14,808 cases); in the Report of a Committee
of the Managers of the Metropolitan Asylum District, July 1872, p. 5.
London Hospitals, 1876-80, (15,172 cases); in a letter to The Times
of November 8th, 1879, from W. F. Jebb, Clerk to the Meti-opolitan
Asylum District.
Homerton, (5,479 cases); from the Report of the Committee, 1877.
Deptford, (3,185 cases); from the Report of the Medical Superin-
tendent, 1 881.
Fulham, (1,752 cases); from the Report of tlie Medical Superintendent,
1881.
Dublin, (2,404 cases); from the Annual Report of the Committee, 1880.
Total cases after Vaccination, 48,451.
The extracted figures and per-centages have been all cai'efuUy verified,
and the averages have been obtained by dividing the total number of deaths
multiplied by 100, by the total number of cases.
I have thought it best to leave these notes unaltered. They are not
affected by more recent experience, excepting in this Vi'ay : — That the gi'eat
extension of our hospital accommodation involves a much larger number of
mild cases being admitted. Objection has been taken to Jurin's figures.
JtJRiN, it must be remembered, was trying to induce people to accept
artificial Small-pox by inoculation, and he gives his figures to show the
great fatality of Small-pox taken in the ordinary way by infection. He
would therefore certainly not err in making it too mild. The total
experience of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, up to the issue of the last
report to the managers, is given in the Appendix. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
15
soldier or sailor shoiUd ever die of it. They
are in fact often spoken of as a "perfectly
protected population." Now let us see what
are the facts.
A Return has been issued to the House of
Commons, " Small-pox (Army and Navy),"
dated "August, 1884," giving the mean strength,
the number of deaths from Small-pox, and the
ratio per thousand in each service for the twenty-
three years 1860-82. An examination of this
Return shows us that there has not been a single
year without two or more deaths in the Army,
and only two years without deaths in the Navy. .
Comparing the Return on "Vaccination, Mortahty,"
No. 433, issued by the House of Commons in
1877, we find that, in the twenty- three years
1850-72, (the latest there given,) there were many
years in which no adult Small-pox deaths were
recorded for a number of large towns of from
100,000 to 270,000 inhabitants- Liverpool had
none in 3 of the years, Birmingham and Sun-
derland in 7, Bradford and Sheffield in 8, Halifax
in 9, Dudley in 10, while Blackburn and Wolver-
hampton were each totally without adult Small-
pox mortality for 11 out of the 23 years!
It is true that the cases are not strictly
comparable, because for these towns we have
i6
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
only deaths of persons aged 20 and upwards
given separately, whereas the ages of the
Army and Navy range chiefly from about 17 to
45. But, considering the extremely unsanitary
state of many of these towns, and their great
preponderance in freedom from Small-pox, there
is clearly no room left for the alleged effect of re-
vaccination in securing to our soldiers and sailors
immunity from the disease.
But let us now look at the averages for the
whole series of years, as affording the best and
only reliable test. On working these out carefully
I find the mean Small-pox mortality for the 23
years to be, in the Army 82-96, which we may
call 83 per million, and in the Navy^' 157 per
million. Unfortunately no materials exist for an
exact comparison of these rates with those of the
civil population ; but with much labour I have
made the best comparison I can arrive at. From
the Census General Report, 1881, and the Reports
of the Registrar- General for the same 23 years
as are included in the Army and Navy Return,
* The 4Sth Report of the Registrar-General, (Tables 63 and 4,) gives 25
Small-pox deaths among 195,937 British Merchant Seamen in 18S2. This
is at the rate of 127 per million, against the above 157 for the Navy. We
have no reason to believe that re-vaccination is common in the merchant
service. In the Navy, therefore, the influence of re-vaccination appears to
be hm-tful rather than beneficial. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
17
I have been able to ascertain the Small-pox
mortality of males in England and Wales between
the years 15 and 55, taken as best representing
those of the two services ; and the result is a
mean Small-pox death rate of 176 per million.*
It will be observed that this is but little more
than the Navy mortality, though more than
double that of the Army, and the question
arises, to what is the difference due. And
first, why is the Small-pox mortality in the
Navy nearly double that of the Army? The
* The following are the data on which this calculation is founded :—
In the General Report of the last Census, Table 14, p. 89, the numbers
of males at successive ages are given for the three last Censuses— 1861, 1871,
and 1 88 1. By a simple calculation it is found that the number of males of
all ages is to that of males aged 15—55 in the proportion of I to -528.
Table 4, p. 78, of the same Census Report, gives the male population
for the middle of each of the 23 years included in the Army and Navy
Retm-n. The mean of these numbers is 1 1 , 1 67, 500 ; and this sum, multiplied
by the factor -528, gives 5,896,500 for the average male population of the
ages 15 — 55 for those years.
From the tables of "Causes of Death at different Periods of Life" in
the twenty-three successive Reports of the Registrar-General, 1 860-1 882, I
have extracted the deaths from Small-pox of males aged 15—55, the mean
annual value of which is 1,041 ; and this number, divided by the number of
millions in the corresponding population (5-8965), gives the death-rate per
million = 176.
The limit of age, 15 — 55, has been taken because the General Report of
the Census of 1 88 1, Table 40, gives, for the Army and Navy, 7,530 men
over 45, and 28,834 under 20 years of age.
The Small-pox death-rate for same ages, England and Wales, for the
years 1850 to 1870, was only 109 per million. Supplement to 35th Report,
Table 2, p. 2. The enormous increase is due to the epidemics since
1870.— Ed.
B
i8
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
regulations as to re-vaccination are the same in
both, and are in both rigidly enforced, and the
men are pretty equal in stamina and general
health. The cause must therefore be in the
different conditions of life of the two services ;
and it seems to me a probable supposition, that
the difference arises chiefly from the less efficient
ventilation and isolation which are possible on
board ship as compared with Army Hospitals.*
The general mortality of the Navy from
disease appears (from the Registrar-General's
Report, 1882, Tables 59 and 65,) to be
considerably less than that of the Army,
so that the greater mortality from Small-
pox must be due to some special conditions.
But whatever these are, the conditions of the
civil population are certainly much worse. Two-
thirds of the families inhabiting Glasgow live in
houses of one or two rooms only, and many other
towns, including London, are probably not much
better. Under such conditions, and with the
* An Officer of the Royal Marine Artilleiy, of great experience,
confirms this view. He assures me that isolation is absolutely impossible
on board a ship of war. But if this is the explanation of the phenomenon,
it is itself a proof of the complete inefficacy of re-vaccination, which not
only does not protect men from catching Small-pox, but allows them to
die of it quite as much as — and, allowing something for the superiority of
sanitation, even more than— the adult civil population, only partially
vaccinated and hardly ever re-vaccinated !
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
19
low vitality induced by insuf¥icient food, over-
work, and bad air, we should expect the Small-pox
mortality of our civil population to be very much
greater than that of the picked class of sailors
who enjoy ample food, fresh air, and medical
attendance. Where then is the alleged "full
security" afforded by re-vaccination, and how are
we to characterise the statements circulated at
the expense of the public, that "Small-pox is
almost unknown in the Army and Navy?'"^ If
we are to draw a legitimate conclusion from
the facts, it is, that the re-vaccination to which
our soldiers and sailors are subjected, renders
Small-pox more fatal when it attacks them, for
thus only can we explain the large mortality
* The following ai-e a few of these assertions. The italics are to call
attention to the essential words of each statement.
The "Lancet," of March 1st, 1879, says :—" Vaccination needs to be
repeated well once in a lifetime, and then ike immunity is abnost absohiie."
The Medical Officer of the General Post Office says, in a circular
dated June, 1884. — "The only means of seeming protection against
Small-pox is by re-vaccination .... it is desirable, in order to obtain
fnll security, that the operation should be repeated at a later period of life."
In the tract on "Small-pox and Vaccination " issued by the National
Health Society, and now being widely circulated at tlie expense of the
ratepayers, with the sanction of the Local Government Boai-d, we find
this statement :—" Evei-y Soldier and Sailor is re-vaccinated; the result
is that Small-pox is almost tuiknown in the Army and Navy, even amid
smTounding epidemics."
The above statements are proved by the Official Returns now issued
to be absolutely untrue, and must have been ignorantly and recklessly
ipade without any adequate basis of fact,
20
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
among picked healthy men under constant medical
supervision, and living under far better sanitary
conditions than the mass of the civil population.
One other mode of comparison can be made,
showing that even the Army Small-pox death-
rate is but little better than that of some large
towns, during the same period. The rate per
million for the adult population, between the
ages 15 and 55, on an average of the years
1860-82 for five very large towns was as
follows : — ^
Manchester, (population 340,211 in
582), 131 per million.
315,998 „
119
Brighton ...
),
109,595 „
114
Bradford ...
200,158 „
104
Oldham ...
)>
115,572 „
89
)>
Of course
there
are many
other
towns which
have a much higher mortality, but very few are
* These figiires have been thus obtained — the Registi-ai--Generars
Summaiy, 1882, (Table 7, p. xv.) gives the Small-pox deaths per 1,000,
for twenty great Towns, for the years 1872-82. The Parliamentaiy
Return, "Vaccination, Mortality," 1877, gives the Small-pox mortality and
population of a considerable number of towns for the years 1847-72.
From these two official papers the Small-pox mortality per million of the
whole male population from i860 to 1882, for such towns as occur in
both the tables, is easily obtained. The average Small-pox death-rate
for all England is found to be 211 7, wlrile that of the ages 15—55 is
176. These numbers are in the proportion of I to -83 ; hence the total
Small-pox mortality of any town multiplied by the factor "83 will give,
approximately, the mortality at ages 15—45- The proportion has been
obtained from males only, but that of the two sexes combined will not
be materially different,
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
21
much worse than the Navy. The very worst
large town which I can find in the Reports is
Newcastle-on-Tyne, which for the same period
had an adult Small-pox mortality of 349 per
million. But the fact that five of our most
populous towns have considerably less adult
Small-pox mortality than the Navy, and one
of them but litde more than the Army, amounts
to a demonstration of the uselessness of the
most complete re-vaccination.
The general mortality of our adult population
is much greater than that of the Army and Navy.
From the official sources of information already
quoted, I find that the average mortality of the
adult male population of England, of the ages
1 2 — 25, for the years 1860-82, was about 1 1,300
per million.*
That of the Navy, for the same period, was
11,000 per million from all causes, and only
7, 1 50 from disease.
That of the Army, at home, was 10,300 per
million. Abroad it was nearly double (19,400),
but this included all the deaths from casualties,
exposure, &c., in the Abyssinian, Afghan, Zulu,
Transvaal, and other petty wars.
* Taken from p. lii., 4Stli Report of the Registrai--General. — Ed.
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Thus the superior physique of our soldiers and
sailors, together with the sanitary conditions
under which they live, are fully manifested in a
mortality from disease much below that of the
adult civil population of comparable ages. If
we make the same allowance for the influence of
these causes in the case of Small-pox, there
remains absolutely nothing for the alleged pro-
tective influence of re-vaccination.
Surely we shall now hear no more of the
re-vaccinated nurses in Small-pox hospitals, (as
to whom we have no statistics, but only vague
and usually inaccurate assertions,) when we have
a great, officially recorded experiment to refer
to, extending over 23 years and applied to
more than 200,000 men, the results of which
directly contradict every professional and official
statement as to the safeguard of re- vaccination.
Vaccination itself a cause of Disease
AND Death.
As has been now shown, vaccination is
quite powerless either to prevent or to mitigate
Small-pox. But this is not all, for there are
good grounds for believing that it is itself the
cause of much disease and serious mortality.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
23
It was long denied by medical men that
syphilis can be communicated by vaccination ;
but this is now universally admitted, and no
less than 478 cases of vaccine-syphilis have
already been recorded."^ But there is also
good reason to believe that many other blood-
diseases are transmitted and increased by the
same means, since there has been for many
years a steady increase of mortality from such
diseases which is terrible to contemplate. The
following table elves the increase of five of
these diseases from the Registrar- General's
Annual Report for 1880, (page Ixxix., Table
34,) and it is very noteworthy that, in the
long list of maladies there tabulated, no
others, (except Bronchitis, which often follows
vaccination though not, probably, transmitted
by it,) show any such striking and continuous
increase, while the great majority are either
stationary or decreasing.
* See Mr. Tebb's "Compulsory Vaccination in England," p. 25,
(Note,) for a list of the authorities for these cases.
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Annual Deaths in England per
Million Living.*
Average of 5 years.
1850-4
1855-9
1860-4
1865-9
1870-4
1875-9
1880.
279
199
191
148
433
82
25
37
51
64
82
81
86
84
302
327
369
404
442
493
S16
265
261
272
316
299
330
371
20
18
24
23
29
39
12
IS
16
17
18
23
22
Totals...
636
672
745
842
869
971
993
0
36
109
206
233
335
357
We here see a constant increase in the
mortahty from each of these diseases, an
increase which in the sum of them is steady
and continuous. It is true, we have not, and
cannot have, direct proof that vaccination is
the sole cause of this increase, but we have
good reason to beheve that it is the chief
cause. In the first place it is a vera causa,
since it directly inoculates infants and adults,
on an enormous scale, with whatever blood-
disease may exist unsuspected in the system
* This Table lias not been continued in later Reports ; but we find
that Cancer (tlie only disease of the five sepai-ately tabulated) goes on
steadily increasing, the mortality for the five years, 18S1-85, being given in
the 48th Report as follows :— Syphilis, 92; Cancer, 544. Small-pox,
for the same period was 78. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
25
of the infants from whom the vaccine vims is
taken. In the next place, no other adequate
cause has been adduced for the remarkably
continuous increase of these special diseases,
which the spread of sanitation, of cleanliness,
and of advanced medical knowledge, should
have rendered both less frequent and less
fatal.
The increased deaths from these five causes,
from 1855 to 1880, exceed the total deaths
from Small-pox during the same period I
So that even if the latter disease had been
totally abolished by vaccination, the general
mortality would have been increased, and there
is much reason to believe that the increase
may have been caused by vaccination itself.'"
* It has been boldly asserted by the Government Department
controlling vaccination, [Eleventh Report of the MecUcal Officer to Local
Government Board, p. vi., et seq.,] that even if some childi-en are killed
by vaccination, 12,000 lives are annually saved by it. The basis of that
assertion is an esliinate which contradicts the official vaccination returns
at almost eveiy point. ■ The estimate and assertion are false to the
facts which are obtainable.
The above noted estimate is taken to prove that 94 per cent, of London
children under ten years of age are vaccinated, and that 95 per cent, of the
population [p. 41] are vaccinated. This statement is further assumed to be
supported by an examination of " 53,185 children in various national,
charitable, and parochial schools and workhouses in London." Such is
the odious rigour of vaccine regulations in our "national, charitable, and
parochial workhouse schools," that I should not have been surprised if,
of these chikhen, not one was found uuvacciuated. The parents of these
26
REGISTRATION STATISTICS,
poor children have had no one to defend them by paying fines for neglect
of the vaccination. Yet this "inspection" showed 6 per cent, to have
" no vaccination scar," or to be doubtful as to vaccination.
It is on such bases, that tremendous statements, such as that noted
above, are founded ; and to shade off the impudence of this one it is further
declared that ' ' tlie estimate of the number of the unvaccinated is probably
too high." Our responsible ministers have been appealed to respecting
such a base use of official reports, and have had the humour to refer the
objector to the veiy officials who have so degraded their department of
"the public service." These, in turn, when appealed to, refer to the
head of the department ; meanwhile the false statement is repeatedly
quoted, and stands as first used.
The Reports of the Local Government Board, show that only once
have there ever been more than 87 per cent, of the births of the countiy
vaccinated, and in London 3 or 4 per cent, fewer. The last year
reported, 1886, gives 30,000 fewer official vaccinations than 1877, when
it was over 86 per cent, of the births. The plan of the officials is
to get 94 per cent, vaccinated, by deducting the infants who died un-
vaccinated from the total births, and treating the rest as "surviving."
I know no more condemnable trick. Death is as busy with vaccinated
as with unvaccinated children. — Ed.
PART II.
Comparative Mortality of the
Vaccinated and the Unvaccinated.
TN his speech in the House of Commons,
June 19th, 1883, Sir Lyon Playfair made
the foUowing statement: — "An analysis of
10,000 cases in the MetropoHtan Hospitals
shows that 45 per cent, of the Unvaccinated
patients die, and only 1 5 per cent, of Vaccinated
patients;" and he further showed that statistics
of a similar character had been published in
other countries. It will no doubt be objected
by my readers that these statistics, if correct,
are a complete proof of the value of vaccination ;
and I shall be expected to show that they are
incorrect or give up the whole case. This I am
prepared to do ; and I now undertake to prove —
firstly, that the figures here given are unreliable ;
and, secondly, that such statistics necessarily give
false results unless they are classified according
to the age-periods of the patients.
28
FORTY -FIVE YEARS OF
The per-centages of Vaccinated and
Unvaccinated unreliable.
The simple fact of death from Small-pox is
easily ascertained, and has been for many years
accurately recorded.
But, whether the deceased person had been
vaccinated or not, is a fact by no means easily
ascertained, because confluent Small-pox (which
alone is ordinarily fatal) obliterates the vacci-
nation marks in the worst cases, and the death is
then usually recorded among the unvaccinated
or the doubtful. For this reason alone the
official record — vaccinated or tmvaccinated— is
altogether untrustworthy, and cannot be made
the subject of accurate statistical enquiry.*
But there are other reasons why the comparison
of the deaths of these two classes is worthless.
Deaths registered as unvaccinated include —
(i.) — Infants dying under vaccination age, and
who, therefore, have no corresponding class among
* As an instance of the reticence of officials on the subject. I cannot
find any details in the Regisb-ar-General's reports respecting vaccinated
persons dying of Small -pox until 1874. For that year 270 vaccinated
persons are reported dying of Small-pox. Then' for years no information is
given, until 1879, when it is again inserted. For that and the subsequent
years we have 2,512 vaccinated persons returned as dying of Small-pox.
Several thousands are noted as "not stated as to vaccination."— Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
29
the vaccinated, but among whom the Small-pox
mortality is greatest.
(2.) Children too weakly or diseased to be
vaccinated, and whose low vitality renders any
severe disease fatal.
(3.) A large but unknown number of the
criminal and nomad population who escape
the vaccination officers. These are often badly
fed and live under the most unsanitary conditions ;
they are, therefore, especially liable to suffer in
epidemics of Small-pox or other zymotic diseases.
It is by the indiscriminate union of these
three classes, together with those erroneously
classed as unvaccinated owing to the obliteration
of marks or other defect of evidence, that the
number of deaths registered "unvaccinated" is
swollen far beyond its true proportions, and the
comparison with those registered ''vaccinated"
rendered altogether untrustworthy and misleading.
This is not a mere inference, for there is much
direct evidence that the records "unvaccinated"
and "no statement" in the Reports of the
Registrar-General are often erroneous. As the
chief argument for vaccination rests upon this
class of facts, a few examples of the evidence
referred to must be here given.
30
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
(i.) — Mr. a. Feltrup, of Ipswich, gives a case
of a boy aged 9, who died of Small-pox, and was
recorded in the certificate as " unvaccinated."
By a search in the register of successful vac-
cinations it was found that the boy, Thomas
Taylor, had been successfully vaccinated on the
20th May, 1868, by W. Adams. {Suffolk
Chronicle, May 5, 1877.)
(2.) — In " Notes on the Small-pox Epidemic
at Birkenhead, 1877." By Fras. Vacher, M.D.,
(p. 9.,) we find the following : —
"As regards the patients admitted to the
fever hospital or treated at home, those entered
as vaccinated displayed undoubted cicatrices, as
attested by competent medical witnesses, and
those entered as not vaccinated were admitted
unvaccinated or without the faintest mark. The
mei^e assertions of patients or their friends that
they zvere vaccinated counted for nothing, as
about 80 per cent, of the patients entered in the
third cohtm^i of the table (' unknown ') were
reported as having been vaccinated in infancy."
(The italics are my own.)
(3.) — Bearing upon this important admission,
we have the following statement in Dr. Russell's
Glasgow Report, 187 1-2 (p. 25) : —
"Sometimes persons were said to be vaccinated,
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
31
but no marks could be seen, very frequently be-
cause of the abundance of the eruption. In some
cases of those which recovered, an inspection
before dismissal discovered vaccine marks, some-
times 'very good,'"
(4.) — " The last epidemic of Small-pox which
visited vaccinated Preston was in 1877.
February of that year, Dr. Rigby, the medical
officer of the Union, sent out a report, in which he
stated that 'out of 83 persons admitted into the
Fulwood Small-pox Hospital, 73 were vaccinated.'
All recovered, he alleged, but the ten unvaccinated
cases all died. Here was a bold and specific
statement ; but what were the facts revealed after
careful investigation by two committees ? The
first case reported as unvaccinated turned out to
be a revaccinated policeman, named Walter Egan.
Another case reported as unvaccinated was a
child named Mary Shorrock, vaccinated by the very
medical officer who rettirned her as unvaccinated.
In all, six cases out of the ten were proved to
have been vaccinated, whilst three were doubtful,
we not being able to trace them." — From letter
of Mr. J. SwiNDLEHURST, in the Walsall Observer,
July 2ist, 1888.— Ed.
(5.) — In 1872, Mr. John Pickering, of Leeds,
carefully investigated a number of cases entered
32
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
as " not vaccinated " by the medical officers of
the Leeds Small-pox Hospital, tracing out the
parents, examining the patients if alive, or ob-
taining the certificate of vaccination if they
were dead. The result was, that 6 patients,
entered as " not vaccinated," and still living,
were found to have good vaccination marks ;
while 9 others who had died, and whose deaths
had been registered as " not vaccinated," were
proved to have been successfully vaccinated. In
addition to these, 8 cases were proved to have
been vaccinated, some of them three or four
times, but unsuccessfully, and 4 others were
certified " unfit to be vaccinated," yet all were
aliice entered as " un vaccinated." The full
particulars of this investigation are to be found
in a pamphlet by Mr. Pickering, published by
F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster Row, London.
(6.) — As further corroborative evidence of the
untrustworthiness of all records on the subject
emanating from medical men, the following
quotation from an article on " Certificates of
Death," in the Birmingham Medical Review for
January, 1874, is important; the italics are my
own : — " In certificates given by us voluntarily,
and to which the public have access, it is scarcely
to be expected that a medical man will give
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
33
opinions which may tell against or reflect upon
himself in any way. In such cases he will most
likely tell the truth, b7it not the zuhole truth, and
assign some prominent symptom of the disease as
the cause of death. As instances of cases which
may tell against the medical man himself, I will
mention erysipelas from vaccination, and puerperal
fever. A death from the first cause occurred
not long ago in my practice, and although
I had not vaccinated the child, yet in my desire
to preserve vaccination from reproach, I omitted
all mention of it from my certificate of death!^
The illustrative facts now given cannot be
supposed to be exceptional, especially when we
consider the great amount of time and labour
required to bring them to light ; and taken
in connection with the astounding admissions of
medical men, of which examples have been just
given, they prove that no dependence can be
placed on the official records of the proportions
of vaccinated and unvaccinated among Small-
pox patients ; while, if Mr. Vacher's method of
registration is usually followed, about 80 per
cent, of those classed by the Registrar- General
under the heading "no statement" have been
really stated, by their parents or friends, to have
been vaccinated.
34
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Our Hospital Statistics necessarily give
False Results.
But a still more serious matter remains to
be considered, and it is a striking proof of the
crude and imperfect evidence on which the im-
portant question of the value of vaccination has
been decided, that the point in question has been
entirely overlooked by every English advocate of
vaccination, although it involves an elementary
principle of statistical science.
This point is, that until the records in our
hospitals, "vaccinated" and " unvaccinated," are
strictly correct, and properly classified, it can
be demonstrated that true results cannot be
deduced from them."^'
The requisite comparison has, however, been
made on a population of about 60,000, consisting of;
the officials and workmen employed on the Imperial
Austrian State Railways, by the Head Physician,
Dr. Leander Joseph Keller ; and his results
during the years 1872-3 are so important that it is
necessary to give a brief abstract of them.t
* See remarks in the Appendix on the eruption. — Ed.
f Report on Small-pox cases among the Employes of the Imperial Austrian
State Railway Company for the year 1873. Translated from the German by
Mrs. Hume-Rothery. National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League.
Another and enlarged version of Dr. Keller's Report has been published :
The Mitigation Theoiy of Vaccination : an Account of the Statistics
collected during the Small-pox Epidemic of 1872-73 ; By Dr. Keller,
Medical Director of the Austrian State Railways. By Alfred Milnes,
M.A. — London: E. W. Allen, Ave Maria Lane.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
35
^i.) — It is shown that the death-rate of Small-
pox patients is greatest in the first year of life,
then diminishes gradually to between the 15th
and 20th year, and then rises again to old age ;
thus following exactly the same law as the
general mortality.
(2.) — The Small-pox death-rate, among over
2,000 cases, was i7"85 per cent, of the cases,
closely agreeing with the general average. That
of the unvaccinated was 23*20 per cent., while
that of the vaccinated was only 15 "61 per cent.
(3.) — This result, apparently so favourable to
vaccination, is shown to be wholly due to the
excess of the unvaccinated in the first two years
of life,"^ and to be a purely numerical fact
entirely unconnected with vaccination. This is
proved as follows : — Taking, first, all the ages
above 2 years, the death-rates of the vaccinated
is 1 3 '76, and of the unvaccinated 13" 15, —
almost exactly the same, but with a slight
advantagfe to the unvaccinated.
Taking now the first two years, the death-rate
is found to be as follows : —
Vaccinated. Unvaccinated.
First year of life 60-46 45 '24
Second year of life 54*o5 38' 10
* This applies to Austria. In England vaccination is usually performed
earlier, yet, in a pamphlet entitled ' ' Plain Fads on Vaccinaiion, " by
36
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Thus the Small-pox death-rate Is actually less
for the unvaccinated than for the vaccinated in
infants, and eqtial for all the higher ages ; yet
the average of the whole is higher for the
unvaccinated, simply on account of the greater
proportion of the unvaccinated at those ages at
which the mortality is tmiversally greatest.
It is thus made clear that any comparison of
the Small-pox mortality of the vaccinated and the
unvaccinated, except at strictly corresponding ages,
leads to entirely false conclusions.
This curious and important fact may perhaps
be rendered more easily intelligible by an
illustration. Let us take the whole population
up to 20 years of age, and divide it into two
groups — those who go to school, and those who
do not. If the Small-pox mortality of these
were separately registered, it would be found
to be very much greater among the non-school
goers, — composed chiefly of infants, and of
children too weakly to be sent to school,
amongst whom the mortality is always very
G. Oliver, about 1872, it was stated that in the Small-pox Hospital,
Hampstead,— "The number of the unvaccinated patients, up to the age of
ten years, greatly preponderates over the vaccinated of corresponding ages."
In the Homerton Small-pox Hospital in the eight years 1S71-77, there were
147 unvaccinated patients under 2 years old, to 20 vaccinated, including
among these the doubtful cases.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
'37
oreat so much so that a doctor of wide ex-
perience — Dr. Vernon, of Southport — has stated
that, he had never known an infant under one year
of age recover from Small-pox. But we should
surely think a person either silly or mad who
argued from such statistics that school-going was
a protection against the disease, and that school
children formed a "protected population." Yet
this is exactly comparable with the reasoning
of those who adduce the greater mortality among
unvaccinated Small-pox patients of all ages
and conditions, as the very strongest argument
in favour of vaccination !
Good statistics* and good arguments cannot
be upset, or even weakened, by those which are
bad. I have now shown that the main argument
relied on by our adversaries, rests on thoroughly
unsound statistics, inaccurate to begin with, and
wrongly interpreted afterwards. Those which I
have used, on the other hand, if not absolutely
perfect, are yet the best and most trustworthy
that exist. I ask statisticians and men of
unbiassed judgment to decide between them.
* It must be insisted upon, over and over again, that they are not good
slatistics, where the class under trial — the vaccinated — are in gi-eat numbers
of cases assumed not to be vaccinated against all testimony available. — Ep.
38
FORTY-FIVE YEARS OF
Conclusion from the Evidence.
The result of this brief enquiry may be
thus summarized : —
(i.) — Vaccination does not diminish Small-
pox mortality, as shown by the 45 years of the
Registrar-General's statistics, and by the deaths
from Small-pox of our "re-vaccinated" soldiers
and sailors being as numerous as those of the
male population of the same ages of several of
our large towns, although the former are picked,
healthy men, while the latter include many
thousands living under the most unsanitary
conditions.
(2.) — While thus utterly powerless for good,
vaccination"^ is a certain cause of disease and
death in many cases, and is the probable cause
of about 10,000 deaths annually by five inocu-
lable diseases of the most terrible and disgusting
character, which have increased to this extent,
steadily, year by year, since vaccination has been
enforced by penal laws !
(3.) — The hospital statistics, showing a greater
* The operation itself kills many. The Registi-ai-General gives, under
the head of Cow-pox and other effects [eiysipelas, &c.] of vaccination for
the years 1881 to 1S86, the following deaths of infants under one yeai'. In
the countiy, 255 deaths. In London, 61. Total for the six years, 316. — Ed.
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
39
mortality of the unvaccinated than of the vac-
cinated, have been proved to be untrustworthy ;
while the conclusions drawn from them are
shown to be necessarily false.
If these facts are true, or anything near the
truth, the enforcement of vaccination by fine
and imprisonment of unwilling parents, is a
cruel and criminal despotism, which it behoves
all true friends of humanity to denounce and
oppose at every opportunity.
Such legislation, involving as it does, our
health, our liberty, and our very lives, is too
serious a matter to be allowed to depend on
the misstatements of interested officials or the
dogmas of a professional clique. Some of the
misstatements and some of the ignorance on
which you have relied, have been here
exposed. The statistical evidence on which
alone a true judgment can be founded, is
as open to you as to any doctor in the
land. We, therefore, demand that you, our
representatives, shall fulfil your solemn duty
to us in this matter, by devoting to it
some personal investigation and painstaking
research ; and if you find that the main facts
40
REGISTRATION STATISTICS.
as here stated are substantially correct, we
call upon you to undo without delay the evil
you have done.
We, therefore, solemnly urge upon you
the immediate repeal of the iniquitous
penal laws by which you have forced upon
us a dangerous and useless operation an
operation which has admittedly caused many
deaths, which is probably the cause of
GREATER MORTALITY THAN SmALL-POX ITSELF,
BUT WHICH CANNOT BE PROVED TO HAVE EVER
•SAVED A SINGLE HUMAN LIFE.
APPENDIX.
TN addition to other difficulties besetting the
students of our Hospital records, one stands
prominently forward as exceeding the others.
Dr. Wallace has referred to the difficulty of
comparing vaccinated with those called un-
vaccinated, who are a mixed class, often not
even classed in age together. But a greater
omission must be complained of.
The only correct way of classing Small-pox
patients is by age and by eruption. The eruption,
or the state of the skin, is the only scientific
guide to the nature of the disorder. One kind
of Small-pox is so mild, that even bad nursing
can hardly kill the patient — another kind so
fatal, that not the best nursing and greatest
skill can cure it. As a rule these two kinds
are lumped together without any distinction, and
even when given they are not often divided
into vaccinated and un-vaccinated. In general
summaries this classification is universally
disregarded.
42
APPENDIX.
The Metropolitan Hospitals have been in
operation since 1869. During the 16 years
reported upon to the managers, since that time
they have received 53,579 cases of Small-pox
for treatment. Of this great total, no fewer than
41,061 are classed as vaccinated, 5,866 un-
vaccinated, and the remainder as "doubtful."
The fatality of the un-vaccinated and doubtful
is very heavy, but this is largely due to con-
siderations as to the people who are the un-
vaccinated, which have already been urged, and
which are greatly strengthened by facts now to
be adduced.
The Handbook, 1887, giving these particulars,
has no "doubtful" class until 1880. Before
that period the un-vaccinated absorbed them all.
As to this doubtful class ! Why are there
any doubts in the classification? The answer
is that the vaccination marks are on the skin,
and the skin is the part of the patient most
affected in the very bad cases. In the mild
cases the skin does not suffer much. The
vaccination marks are clearly visible. And so
the "good" marks of vaccination will most
certainly be most numerous in the mild cases.
But in the confluent cases the skin is badly
affected. The pustules run together, and if this
APPENDIX.
43
eruption is over the vaccinated arm, no vaccination
mark can be seen. But no case is recorded as
vaccinated unless a mark is seen. So it comes
to pass, that such a patient declaring himself
vaccinated is put down as "doubtful," or as
"said to be vaccinated." We see now why this
class is of heavy fatality. It receives the doubtful
bad cases, but never any doubtful mild ones.
This is further confirmed by a reference to
the most fatal cases of all, the "malignant."
In these the skin is not degraded as it is in
the confluent ; the eruption is suppressed, and
the blood poisoned. But the vaccination marks
show. From several reports of medical super-
intendants, I have collected 66 1 of these very fatal
cases. In only 8 cases were there "doubts." The
rest yield: vaccinated, 486 persons with 432
deaths; and un-vaccinated, 167 persons with 150
deaths. Nothing more damaging to vaccination
could be recorded. Yet in a purely age table ;
or in a table of vaccinated and un-vaccinated,
without reference to the state of the skin, all
this is buried.
We see then that in the mild cases, error as to
classification is very unlikely ever to occur. In
these no deaths need be feared, except from
complications.
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO : The land of the Oiang
Utan and Ihc ]5iid of Taradise. A Naiialive of Travel, with Studies
of Man and Nature. With Maps and Illustrations. Third and
Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.
"The result is a vivid picture of tropical life, which may be read with unflagging
interest, and .-x sufficient account of his scientific conclusions to stimulate our appetite
without wearying us by detail. In short, we may safely say that we have never read a
more agreeable book of its kind." — Saturday Review.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP
ANIMALS. With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct
Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth's Surface. 2
vols. 8vo., with Maps and numerous Illustrations by Zwecker. 42s,
The Times says: — "Altogether it is a wonderful and fascinating story, whatever
objections may be taken to theories founded upon it. Mr. Wallace has not attempted
to add to its interest by any adornments of style ; he has given a simple and clear
statement of intrinsically interesting facts, and what he considers to be legitim.ate
deductions from them. Naturahsts ought to be grateful to him for having undertaken
so toilsome a task. The work, indeed, is a credit to all concerned — the author, the
publishers, the artist, unfortunately now no more, of the attractive illustrations — last, but
by no means least, Mr. Stanford's map-designer."
TROPICAL NATURE : With other Essays. 8vo. 12s.
" Nowhere amid the many descriptions of the tropics that have been given is to be
found a summary of the past history and actual phenomena of the tropics which gives
that which is distinctive of the phases of nature in them more clearly, shortly, and
impressively." — Saturday Review.
ISLAND LIFE; OR, THE PHENOMENA AND
CAUSES OF INSULAR FAUNAS AND FLORAS, including
a Revision and attempted Solution of the Problem of Geological
Climates. With Maps. 8vo. iSs.
" ' Island Life' is a work to be accepted almost without reservation from beginning to
end. . . Whoever reads this book must be charmed with it." — St. James's Gazette.
"The work throughout abounds with interest." — Atliena:iim.
" Mr. Wallace has written nothing more clear, more masterly, or more convincing than
this delightful volume." — Fortnightly Review.
BAD TIMES: An Essay on the Present Depression of Trade,
tracing it to its Sources in Enormous Foreign Loans, Excessive War
Expenditure, the Increase of Speculation and of Millionaires, and the
Depopulation of the Rural Districts ; with Suggested Remedies.
1885. With Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 5s.
LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO.
LAND NATIONALISATION, ITS NECESSITY AND
ITS AIMS. Being a comparison of the System of Landlord and
Tenant with that of Occupying Ownership in their influence on the
Well-being of the People. Third Edition. Paper covers, 8d. Limp
cloth, IS. 6d.
LONDON: W. REEVES, I85, FLEET STREET, E.C.
ON MIRACLES AND MODERN SPIRITUALISM.
Three Essays. Second Edition, crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL.
The London Society for
The Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.
Prcsidetit.
WILLIAM TEBB, Esq., 7, Albert Road, Gloucester Gate, Regent's Park-, N.W.
Vice-rrcsi(ie7its.
THOMAS BURT, Esq., M.P., 26, Pal.ace Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W.
HENRY P. COBB, Esq., M.P., 53, Lincoln's-Inn Fields, W.C.
HANDEL COSSHAM, Esq., M.P., Weston Park, Bath.
IS.A..\C HOLDEN, Esq., M.P., O.akworth House, Keighley.
Executive Committee.
CH..\IRM.^N.— WILLIAM TEBB.
R. ALFREY.
W. L. BEURLE.
JOHN BOTTOMLEY.
JOHN LEWIS.
Mrs. LOWE.
CORNELIUS PEARSON.
GENERAL EARLE.
Mrs. R. R. GLOVER.
J. F. HAINES.
WILLIAM WHITE, Laurels, Cheshunt, Herts.
Hon. 7"rf<zj?/?-c;-— CORNELIUS PEARSON, 15, Harpur Street, Red Lion Square, W.C.
Bankers— "XViY. LONDON & COUNTY BANK (Westminster Branch), S.W.
Parliamentary Agent— Vf. L. BEURLE, Linden House, 331, Victoria Park Road, E.
Secretary— WlhLlPM. YOUNG, 77, Atlantic Road, Brixton, S.W.
In times when the laws of health
were impeifectly understood, it was
believed that by poisoning the blood
with the vims of small-pox, or cow-
pox, a future attack of small-pox
might be escaped. While many
kindred medical practices have been
discredited and forgotten. Vaccina-
tion, endowed by the State, has
survived, and has entered into
legislation, and is enforced with fine
and imprisonment. It is in vain
for nonconformists to plead that they
do not believe that Vaccination has
any power to prevent or to mitigate
small-pox, or that it is attended by
the risk of communicating other
diseases. They are told they may
believe what they like, but that
vaccinated they must be, for the
benefit of the rite is settled beyond
dispute, and that only fools and
fanatics venture to question what has
been irrevocably determined.
Many too, whilst disinclined to
discuss Vaccination as a medical
question, or to surrender confidence
in its prophylaxy, are opposed to its
compulsory infliction. They main-
tain that every remedy should be
left to justify itself by its own efficacy,
and that of all prescriptions the last
which requires extraneous assistance
is Vaccination ; for its repute is
based on the fact that its subjects
are secure from small-pox, and in
that security may abide indifferent
to those who choose to neglect its
salvation. Even nurses in small-
pox hospitals, it is said, when
efficiently vaccinated and re-vacci-
nated, live unaffected in the variolous
atmosphere. They consequently
hold that to compare an unvaccinated
person to a nuisance, as is frequently
done, is to make use of an epithet
that implicitly denies the virtues
asserted for Vaccination, a nuismce
being a danger or annoyance which
another cannot conveniently avoid.
The members of the London
Society therefore appeal with
confidence to the sympathy and
support of their countrymen. They
claim to enlist the energies not
only of those who are opposed to
Vaccination as useless and mis-
chievous, but of those who, time
to their faith in liberty, would leave
its acceptance to the discretion of
the individual.
The London Society for
The Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.
OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.
!• — The Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination.
II. — The Diffusion of Knowledge concerning Vaccination.
Ill— The Maintenance in London of an Office for the Publication
of Literature relating to Vaccination, and a Centre of
Information and Action.
The viinimum Annual Suiscri^tion constituting^ Membership is S&.Gd. Every
oppotient of Compulsory Vaccination in the United Kingdom is earnestly invited
to join and co-operate with the Society.
I AM directed to draw attention very
earnestly to the claims of the
London Society for the Abolition of
Compulsory Vaccination.
The Society is engaged in an
arduous enterprise with the firm
resolve to achieve success ; and with
this end in view the Members
maintain an Office ; they publish the
V acciiiatioii Inquirer, and a variety
of books, tracts, and leaflets, which
are liberally distributed wherever
likely to be of use; they organise
public meetings, and avail themselves
of eveiy opportunity for lectures and
discussions ; and from the Office
conduct an extensive correspondence
at home and abroad.
It is needless to say that all these
operations are attended with expense,
and indeed with heavy expense, yet
from none of them is it possible to
withdraw ; on the contrary with
larger means they would be developed
and extended. At present the chief
cost of these operations is borne by
the liberality of the few, and it is
the wish, and the reasonable wash,
of the Committee to enlarge the area
of subscription, and to have the
names of all opponents of Com-
77, Atlantic Road,
Brixton, S.W.
pulsoiy Vaccination upon their
register of membership.
The successful issue of this most
honourable agitation would be
greatly hastened if only those who
are persuaded of the folly of vacci-
nation, and who abhor the tyrannical
infliction of the rite upon the un-
willing, would come forward and
assist to sustain those who are
disposed to assume the more active
duties of the conflict. The Com-
mittee feel that it is not becoming
that many, who have openly ex-
pressed their sympathy with the
objects they have in view, and who
will rejoice over the Abolition of
Compulsory Vaccination, should yet
do little or nothing to contribute to
the victory which they are sufficiently
enlightened to desire.
The Committee therefore hope
that you will not only look favourably
on this appeal for assistance, but
that you will also tiy to enlist in the
good cause some of those latent
sympathisers, who, probably, only
require the stimulus of suggestion
and persuasion to become active
allies.
WILLIAM YOUNG,
Secretary.
THE VACCINATION INQUIRER.
Published Monthly, price id., or is. 6d. per annum, post free.
E. W. ALLEN, 4 Ave Maria Lane, London, E.C.
1
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11